Igiteye urujijo kurushaho ni uburyo ibimenyetso byose byashoboraga gutuma haboneka umucyo kuri iryo hanurwa, byagiye biburirwa irengero mu buryo budasobanutse, by’umwihariko agasanduku k’umukara kazwiho kubika amakuru y’ingenzi y’ibibera mu ndege.
Agasanduku k’umukara (Black Box) gashyirwa mu ndege hagamijwe gufata amakuru yose y’urugendo rwayo, kakorohereza abakora iperereza ku mpanuka cyangwa ikindi kintu cyabaye mu gihe cyose cy’urugendo rwayo.
Aka gasanduku kabasha kubika umuvuduko w’indege, ubutumburuke, umuriro wa moteri, n’amajwi y’ibiganiro by’umupilote, icyavugirwa cyose aho batwarira indege, ibyabaye byose mu kuguruka kw’indege n’ikindi cyose cyakorewemo.
Urujijo rwa mbere ku gasanduku k’umukara mu ndege ya Habyarimana rwatangijwe na Captain Paul Barril, Umujandarume w’Umufaransa, wayoboye umutwe wihariye ubarizwa muri Gendarmerie uzwi nka Groupe d’Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale (GIGN).
Uyu tariki 28 Kamena 1994, yahamagaje abanyamakuru i Paris mu Bufaransa abereka ibintu yavugaga ko ari agasanduku k’umukara bakuye ahaguye indege ya Habyarimana.
Byari byoroshye kumwizera kuko ari we wari umaze iminsi ahawe ikiraka n’umugore wa Habyarimana, ngo amukorere iperereza ku wahanuye indege yari itwaye umugabo we.
Nta wamenye irengero ry’agasanduku k’umukara Barril yerekanye, gusa mu gitabo Cover Up, umwanditsi Damien Comerford, yavuze ko ibyo Barril yeretse abanyamakuru atari agasanduku k’umukara ka Falcon 50. Ngo ibinyamakuru byemeye buhumyi ibyo yababibwiye.
Agasanduku ka Falcon 50 muri Loni?
Tariki 10 Werurwe 2004, haje ikindi gihuha cy’uwitwa Roger Lambo ngo wahoze ari umusirikare wa Loni wari ushinzwe iby’ingendo z’indege ku Kibuga cy’Indege cya Kanombe.
Uyu Lambo yavuze ko agasanduku koherejwe i New York ku cyicaro cya Loni mu 1994 ubwo indege yari imaze guhanurwa.
Iyi nkuru yaciye igikuba muri Loni, Koffi Annan wayiyoboraga avuga ko ari ubwa mbere yumvise ayo makuru kandi ko nta kuri kurimo.
Nyuma y’iminsi ibiri, Le Monde yatanze amakuru y’inyongera ku nkuru ya mbere, ivuga ko ako gasanduku kamaze kugaragara, koherejwe i Nairobi, kakahava koherezwa i New York mu ivalisi y’abadipolomate.
Le Monde yavuze ko ako gasanduku koherejwe katarangirika, gafite nimero zikaranga n’ibimenyetso by’uruganda rwagakoze. Ngo koherejwe ku mabwiriza y’uwari ushinzwe iby’ingendo z’indege ku cyicaro gikuru cya Loni.
Loni yahise itangira iperereza ryihuse, iza gusanga hari akabati kabitsemo agasanduku k’umukara kanditseho ko ari aka Falcon 50 yari itwaye Habyarimana.
Byasabye imbaraga ngo Loni isobanure uburyo ako gasanduku kageze mu kabati kayo, iza kuvuga ko ubwo koherezwaga i New York, abari babishinzwe banzuye ko atari ak’indege ya Habyarimana kuko kari kakimeze neza bitandukanye n’akarashweho ibisasu.
Ngo niyo mpamvu bagahishe mu kabati bakagafungirana kuko bumvaga nta kamaro kagifite.
Isesengura ryarakomeje, Loni itegeka ko hakorwa iperereza ryimbitse kuri ako gasanduku bakamenya ibirimo imbere.
Igitabo cya Damien Comerford kivuga ko ikiraka cyo gucukumbura ibirimo imbere cyahawe ikigo cyo muri Amerika cyitwa ‘National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)’.
Iperereza ryatangiye tariki 16 Werurwe 2004 ibyavuyemo bishyirwa ku rubuga rwa Loni tariki 7 Kamena uwo mwaka.
Byagaragaje ko amajwi basanze kuri ako kuma, ari ay’abantu bavugaga Igifaransa ariko ko bavugiraga ku butaka, batari bari mu ndege. Banzuye ko ayo amajwi atafatiwe mu ndege iri mu kirere, bityo ko ako gasanduku atari ako mu ndege ya Habyarimana.
Umunyamakuru akaba n’umwanditsi w’ibitabo, Patrick de Saint-Exupéry muri Mata 2009 mu nyandiko yanyujije muri Le Monde, yavuze ko umwe mu bayobozi ba Air France waganiriye n’umucamanza Jean-Louis Bruguière yavuze ko agasanduku k’indege basanze muri Loni katoraguwe i Kigali, ari ak’indege ya Air France Concorde 209 yari ifite ibiyiranga F-BVFC. A. Ntabwo havugwa uwataye ako gasanduku i Kigali.
Muri iryo perereza, sosiyete ikora indege yo mu Bufaransa, Dassault, yemeje ko indege ya Habyarimana yahanutse, agasanduku k’umukara kayo kari gaherereye imbere aho abapilote bicara.
Dassault yatangaje ko indege ya Habyarimana ikorwa bwa mbere mu 1980, yagurishijwe ku Munyamerika ifite agasanduku k’umukara. Iyo ndege yakorewe mu Bufaransa, yuzuye ijyanwa mu kigo cya Dassault giherereye i Arkansas muri Amerika gukorerwa imirimo ya nyuma, ari naho bashyiriyemo agasanduku k’umukara.
Nta ndege itwara Perezida itagira agasanduku
Iperereza kandi ryerekanye ko ako gasanduku k’umukara kari mu ndege ya Habyarimana katigeze gahindurwa na rimwe.
Iyo ndege mbere yo kujya mu maboko ya Habyarimana, yanyuze mu maboko y’abandi bantu ariko ngo nta na rimwe agasanduku kayo kigeze gahindurwa.
François Munyarugamba wamaze imyaka 35 ari umutekinisiye mu by’indege ku kibuga cy’indege cya Kanombe na we mu gitabo cya Damien avuga ko bitari gushoboka ko indege yemererwa gutwara Perezida itagira agasanduku k’umukara.
Ati “Icyemezo cy’ubuziranenge ni ikintu cy’ingenzi ku ndege z’abakuru b’ibihugu kandi icyo cyemezo ntiwagihabwa iyo agasanduku k’umukara katarimo. Ikindi, nicyo kintu cya mbere kirebwaho iyo bari gusuzuma iyo ndege. Tubanza kureba neza ibijyanye n’agasanduku k’umukara, tukabona kujya gukora iby’imikorere y’indege.”
“Ubusanzwe indege zimwe na zimwe zigira agasanduku k’umukara kamwe nka za kajugujugu, ariko Falcon 50 zitwara ba Perezida ziba zifite udusanduku tubiri. Mu gihe utu dusanduku tutarimo, nta cyemezo cy’ubuziranenge yahabwa.”
Raporo ya Komisiyo Duclert yashyizweho na Perezida Emmanuel Macron, iherutse kugaragaza ko indege ya Habyarimana ikimara guhanurwa, hari umusirikare w’Umufaransa woherejwe aho yaguye ngo akore iperereza ku cyatumye ihanuka.
Raporo ivuga ko kuwa 6 Mata 1994 saa tatu n’igice z’ijoro, Colonel Jean Jacques Maurin wari umujyanama w’Umugaba Mukuru w’Ingabo z’u Rwanda yahawe amabwiriza aturutse i Paris yo gukora iperereza ku cyateye impanuka.
Raporo ivuga ko umusirikare wa mbere wageze aho indege yaguye, nta nyandiko zigaragaza ibyo yahabonye.
Mu 1998, u Bufaransa bwashyizeho Komisiyo y’Abadepite yo kwiga ku ruhare rw’icyo gihugu muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Mu bahamagajwe n’abadepite, harimo n’uwo musirikare wageze bwa mbere aho indege yaguye.
Uwo musirikare yavuze ko yagiye aho indege ya Habyarimana yaguye agiye gushaka agasanduku k’umukara akaza kubivamo ubwo Lieutenant-Colonel Maurin yamubwiraga ko iyo ndege nta gasanduku yagiraga. Raporo ivuga ko hari abandi bantu batanze ubuhamya mu 1998 bavuze ko nta gasanduku iyo ndege yagiraga.
Raporo ya Komisiyo Duclert, ivuga ko hari umwe mu basirikare bashinzwe ubutasi w’u Bubiligi (ari nabo barindaga Ikibuga cy’Indege cya Kanombe), ngo wavuze ko yabonye ako gasanduku mu ndege yahungishije umuryango wa Habyarimana nyuma gato y’itangira rya Jenoside muri Mata 1994.
Aha naho ntibasobanura neza aho ako gasanduku kari kagiye, icyakora byashoboka ko ako ari ako Barril yeretse abanyamakuru muri Kamena 1994.
Agasanduku kagiye he?
Uwari uhagarariye ishami rya Loni rishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Rwanda, Degni-Segui ngo yigeze kumenya amakuru y’uko ako gasanduku kaba kararigishijwe n’u Bufaransa, ajya kubibaza ambasaderi wabwo.
Raporo Duclert ivuga ko u Bufaransa bwabwiye ambasaderi wabwo mu Rwanda gushwishuriza Segui.
Buti “Umusobanurire neza rwose unatangare cyane uti, ‘Guverinoma y’u Bufaransa si yo ifite agasanduku k’umukara k’indege ya Perezida yahanuwe’, uti ‘ahubwo mwabaza Guverinoma y’Abatabazi hakiri kare.”
Aho indege yaguye mu rugo kwa Habyarimana, harindwaga n’abasirikare bo mu mutwe urinda umukuru w’igihugu, byumvikana ko ari nabo bahageze indege ikimara kugwa.
Mu bandi bigaragara ko bahageze kare, harimo abasirikare b’Abafaransa bari bamaze guhabwa amabwiriza yo gukora iperereza ku ihanurwa ry’iyo ndege.
Muri Mata 2018, mu kiganiro cyihariye IGIHE yagiranye na Guillaume Ancel wahoze ari Lieutenant Colonel mu Ngabo z’u Bufaransa zagiye muri Opération Turquoise mu Rwanda, yavuze ko na we mu isesengura rye abona u Bufaransa aribwo bwatwaye agasanduku k’umukara.
Yagize ati “Kubera ko indege imaze kugwa bahawe itegeko, hari umwe mu basirikare ubu ni Général mu Ngabo z’u Bufaransa arahita yimenya, wari uhari. Mu bigaragara ni nawe warigishije agasanduku k’umukara."
"Si ukuvuga ko bigaragaza ko Abafaransa bari inyuma y’icyo gitero, ahubwo byerekana ko bakoze ibishoboka byose kugira ngo basibanganye ibimenyetso.”
Ancel yavuze ko uyu musirikare yaje kugaruka aho iyo ndege yaguye amaze kuvugisha abamukuriye mu Bufaransa, gusa kugeza n’ubu ntavuga icyo abari bamukuriye bamutumye aho iyo ndege yaguye.
Ancel kandi avuga ko abaye atari Abafaransa batwaye ako gasanduku, kaba kararigishijwe n’abasirikare bari bashinzwe kurinda Habyarimana.
Kuboneka kw’ako gasanduku kwagombaga kugaragaza aho ibisasu byahanuye Falcon byaturutse, ibyo abapilote bavuganye mbere y’uko indege ihanurwa, urugendo yari imaze gukora n’ibindi.
