Johannes Gutenberg, umugabo wahinduye amateka yo gucapa no gusoma ku isi ariko 'igice kinini cy'ubuzima bwe bw'ibanze kikaba ari amayobera' ndetse n'aho yashyinguwe hagasibangana.
Umujyi wa Mainz wo mu Budage uzwiho kugira za katedrali nyinshi, imivinyu myiza, no kuba ari iwabo wa Johannes Gutenberg wakoze icapiro rya mbere rishobora kwimurwa i Burayi.
Igihe yavukiye ntabwo kizwi neza, icyo bashyizeho ni ikigereranyo ko yavutse mu 1400 ariko igihe yapfiriye kirazwi, ni ku itariki nk'iyi ya 3 Gashyantare 1468, ubu hashize imyaka 554.
Nubwo Abashinwa kuva mu binyejana byinshi mbere ye bakoreshaga icapiro ry'ibiti ritimurwa, ndetse bacapye igitabo cyose mu mwaka wa 868, cyatowe mu buvumo mu burengerazuba bw'Ubushinwa, ubu buryo bushya bwari bunoze kandi bwihuse bwo gucapa inyandiko zikavamo nyinshi kandi vuba ni Gutenberg wabuzanye.
Imashini yakoze nizo zahinduye ibintu muri siyanse, ibinyamakuru, ibitabo,abantu benshi batangira kwiga gusoma, havuka n'amadini yiyomoye kuri kiliziya gatolika yari rukumbi.
Gusa nanone ibyo ntiyari kubigeraho iyo hataba harabayeho ubundi buvumbuzi mbere, nabwo bukomeye cyane ariko kenshi bwirengagizwa; urupapuro.
Urupapuro narwo ni ubundi buvumbuzi bw'abashinwa bwo mu myaka irenga 2,000 ishize. Mbere na mbere barukoze bagamije kurutwaramo ibintu by'agaciro, ariko abantu baje gutangira kurwandikaho kuko rwari rutaremereye nk'umugano kandi ruhendutse kurusha silk/soie.
Nyuma abarabu bararwakiriye, ariko abakristu Iburayi ntibarwakira, mu binyejana byinshi bakomeje gukoresha ibice by'uruhu rutunganyije, byari binahenze.
Nka bibiliya yanditse ku bice by'uruhu yandikagwa ku mpu z'intama 250 â€" ariko kuko abantu bacye ari bo bari bazi gusoma cyangwa kwandika, ntacyo byari bivuze cyane.
Impapuro za mbere zageze mu Budage mu myaka micyeya ibarirwa muri mirongo mbere y'uko Gutenberg akora iriya mashini ye icapa.
Gutenberg, ashobora kuba yarabonye uburyo kiliziya ikeneye kuvugurura uburyo bwo gutubura inyandiko zabo, ibyakorwaga n'abakozi bayo bandikisha intoki, akazi kagenda buhoro kandi gasaba abakozi benshi; ntibyari bigishoboka guhaza isoko ry'abakeneye ibitabo icyo gihe.
Mu gitabo cye, Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age, Dr Bill Kovarik wo muri kaminuza ya Radford muri Amerika avuga ko umukozi umwe wiriwe yandikisha ibaba na wino yarangizaga urupapuro rumwe, naho imashini ya Gutenberg yakubye inshuro 200 akazi k'umukozi umwe wiriwe yandikisha intoki.
Ibitabo bya mbere yacapye ni Bibiliya hagati ya 150 na 180, muri zo 48 nizo ubu zikiri ku isi. Mu nzu ndangamurage yamwitiriwe mu mujyi wa Mainz hariyo ebyiri zihamurikwa. Bibiliya za Gutenberg zaraguzwe cyane icyo gihe.
Gucapa Bibiliya n'izindi nyandiko za kiliziya byayifashije gukwirakwiza ubutumwa bwayo binayiha amafaranga menshi icuruza impapuro yise 'indulugensiya' â€" zariho inyandiko za kiliziya bavuga ko zikiza ibyaha.
Kiliziya yahembye Gutenberg imari nini mu biceri by'izahabu n'ifeza, leta imukuriraho imisoro inategeka ko azajya agemurirwa ingano runaka y'ibiribwa na litiro zibarirwa mu bihumbi z'imivinyu buri mwaka.
Izi mashini zicapa vuba vuba zahise zihindura ibintu. Kugeza mu 1470, buri mujyi w'i Burayi wari ufite kompanyi z'amacapiro, naho mu myaka ya 1500 ibitabo bibarirwa muri za miliyoni byari bimaze gucapwa no kugurishwa.
Ibyo byatumye habaho kumenyekana kw'ibitekerezo bishya, nk'ibya Martin Luther mu gitabo yise 95 Theses cyanengaga icuruzwa ry'indulugensiya gukorwa na kiliziya.
Mu 1517 kopi zirenga 300,000 z'igitabo cye zari zimaze gucapwa no kugurwa, ibyo byaganishije ku mpinduka zikomeye muri kiliziya no gucikamo ibice kwayo nyuma y'imyaka agahishyi ari yo iriho gusa, havuka andi madini.
Tugarutse kuri Getenberg, nubwo imashini ye yahinduye bikomeye iby'inyandiko n'ibitabo no gusoma ku isi, byinshi kuri uyu mugabo biracyari amayobera, nk'uko umunyamateka John Lienhard yabyanditse.
Amaze gupfa â€" mu buryo butazwi neza â€" yashyinguwe mu kiliziya nk'umwe mu bantu bakomeye ba kiliziya ariko iyo kiliziya yaje gusenywa ndetse n'aho yahoze ubu hari umuhanda.
Ubwo cyatangiraga, ikinyamakuru The Daily Courant cyandikaga gusa amakuru yo mu mahanga. Iyi ni nimero yacyo ya kabiri
Nubwo mu mujyi wa Mainz henshi hari amashusho yamwitiriwe, nta muntu uzi uko yasaga. Kenshi agaragazwa nk'umugabo w'ubwanwa burebure, ariko birashoboka ko ntabwo yagiraga nk'uko abahanga mu mateka babivuga. Mu gihe cye Gutenberg yari mu rwego rw'abakire b'abasirimu, ab'i Mainz bavuga ko icyo gihe abatemberezi n'Abayahudi ari bo gusa bagiraga ubwanwa.
Umugabo kandi twese twumvise nka Johannes Gutenberg izina rye nyaryo ni Johannes Gensfleisch (bivuze inyama y'inkware). Ariko mu kinyejana cya 14 abantu benshi bahinduraga amazina yabo bakiyitirira inzu zabo, nawe yiyita Gutenberg.
BBC
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