Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Bagore (UN Women), rivuga ko uburezi ari imwe mu nkingi ituma umuryango runaka w'abantu utangira guhindura imyumvire y'uburyo ufata abagore.
Ibi bifite ishingiro kuko nka Raporo igaragaza icyuho mu buringanire ku Isi (Global Gender Gap Report) yo mu 2021, igaragaza ko ibihugu bitanu bya mbere byateje imbere uburinganire, binasanganywe urwego rw'uburezi ruteye imbere. Nka Iceland iyoboye ibindi bihugu kuri uru rutonde, 99% by'abaturage bayo bageze mu ishuri.
Icyakora no mu bihugu byateye imbere gutya, usanga ikibazo cy'uburinganire hagati y'umugabo n'umugore gihari. Nko muri Iceland twavugaga, ikinyuranyo cy'umushahara hagati y'umugabo n'umugore bakora akazi kamwe, ndetse banafite ubumenyi buri ku rwego rumwe (hashingiwe ku mpamyabushobozi zabo), cyari kuri 12,6% mu 2020. Ibi bisobanuye ko umushahara w'umugabo uba uruta uw'umugore ku kigero cya 12,6%.
Ibi kandi niko bimeze mu bihugu nka Canada, igihugu gifatwa nk'icya mbere mu kugira umubare munini w'abaturage barangije amashuri makuru na kaminuza. Muri iki gihugu, iki kinyuranyo kiri kuri 11%, bikaba 17% muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, nubwo mu myaka 40 ishize, umubare w'abagore barangije amashuri makuru na kaminuza uruta uw'abagabo.
Niba mu bihugu byateye imbere, bifite uburezi n'ubukungu buhambaye hakigaragara ikibazo cy'uburinganire hagati y'abagabo n'abagore, birumvikana ko mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, iki kibazo kigihari, bitewe n'impamvu zitandukanye zirimo umuco n'ibindi. Nk'ubu mu bihugu 10 bya nyuma muri raporo igaragaza icyuho mu buringanire ku isi, bitatu ni ibyo muri Afurika mu gihe ibindi ari ibigendera ku mahame y'Idini ya Islam.
Mu rwego rwo guteza imbere uburinganire hagati y'abagabo n'abagore, mu 1977 Umuryango w'Abibumbye (LONI) wemeje ko itariki ya 8 Werurwe iharirwa kuzirikana ku kamaro k'umugore mu buzima bwa muntu, hakarebwa ku ntambwe yatewe mu rugendo rw'iterambere ndetse n'imbogamizi agihura na zo.
Ni urugendo rurerure kuko hakurikijwe umuvuduko w'isi mu kugabanya icyuho cy'uburinganire hagati y'abagabo n'abagore, bizatwara nibura imyaka 135 kugira ngo uburinganire bwuzuye bugerweho, iyi myaka ikaba yarongerewe n'icyorezo cya Covid-19 cyasubije inyuma intambwe yari yaratewe.
Umwihariko w'u Rwanda
Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, kimwe mu bikorwa by'ingenzi Leta y'u Rwanda yashyizemo imbaraga ni uguteza imbere uburinganire hagati y'abagabo n'abagore. Mu 1995, u Rwanda rwashyize umukono ku masezerano agamije guteza imbere uburenganzira bw'abagore yasinyiwe i Beijing mu Bushinwa.
Ibi byakurikiwe n'ingamba zitandukanye zirimo gushyiraho Minisiteri yihariye ifite mu nshingano zayo gukurikirana uburinganire, hashyirwaho gahunda zigamije guteza imbere uburezi bw'abakobwa, havugururwa amategeko ku mitungo n'ibindi byinshi, byose bigamije guteza imbere uburinganire.
Ubwo yari mu Nteko Rusange ya 63 y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye muri Nzeri 2008, Perezida Paul Kagame yavuze ko u Rwanda rwahisemo guteza imbere uburinganire kuko ari intwaro y'iterambere.
Yaragize ati 'Ku birebana no kongerera ubushobozi abagore no kubashishikariza kugira uruhare mu buzima bwa politiki, imibereho myiza n'ubukungu by'igihugu; twakomeje gutera intambwe igana imbere. Twemera ko usibye no kwimakaza ihame ry'uburinganire mu gihugu cyacu, iyi ari n'imbarutso y'iterambere rituganisha ku kugera ku cyerekezo cyacu cyo kubaka u Rwanda rwa bose, rutekanye kandi rurangwa na demokarasi.'
Kugeza ubu imvugo yabaye ingiro, kuko mu 2021, u Rwanda rwari ku mwanya wa karindwi ku rwego rw'Isi mu guteza imbere uburinganire, n'urwa kabiri muri Afurika inyuma ya Namibia iri ku mwanya wa gatandatu ku rwego rw'Isi. Iceland, Finland, Norvège, Nouvelle Zelande na Suède ni byo bihugu biza imbere ya Namibia n'u Rwanda.
U Rwanda rwagabanyije icyuho cy'umushahara hagati y'abagabo n'abagore, nka kimwe mu bipimo by'ingenzi bigaragaza urwego rw'uburinganire mu gihugu, ku kigero cya 80%, ari narwo rwa mbere muri Afurika. Mu nzego zimwe na zimwe nk'urw'ubuzima, u Rwanda ruri mu bihugu bike ku Isi byabashije kugera ku rwego abagore n'abagabo babona serivisi z'ubuvuzi bakeneye mu buryo bungana.
U Rwanda kandi ruzwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu kugira umubare munini w'abagore bari mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, aho bagera kuri 61%, Sena ikagira 38%, Guverinoma ikabamo 50% mu gihe inzego z'ibanze zigomba kuba zigizwe na 30% by'abagore, nk'uko amategeko abivuga.
Uruhare rw'uburinganire mu iterambere ry'u Rwanda
Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, guteza imbere uburinganire hagati y'umugore n'umugabo bigira ingaruka z'ako kanya ku bukungu bwa buri gihugu. Iyo bigeze ku bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere biba akarusho.
Nk'ubu abagore bagize 50% by'abaturage ba Afurika, ariko bakagira uruhare rungana na 33% ku musaruro mbumbe w'uyu Mugabane. Impamvu zibitera zirimo kuba abagore batabona amahirwe amwe n'abagabo mu kwinjira mu kazi. Ibi nabyo bigaterwa n'uko benshi baba bataragize amahirwe angana n'aya basaza babo mu kwiga.
Iki cyonyine kiramutse gikemutse, abagore bakabona amahirwe amwe n'abagabo yo kwinjira mu kazi, byatuma umusaruro mbumbe w'ubukungu bwa Afurika uzamukaho 10%.
Impamvu ni uko umusaruro w'abagore mu nshingano ziganjemo imiyoborere, hari ubwo uba uruta uw'abagabo. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n'Urubuga 'Hive' mu 2018 bwagaragaje ko nko mu mirimo yo mu biro, abagore batanga umusaruro uruta uw'abagabo ku kigero cya 10%.
Ubushakashatsi butandukanye kandi bwakunze kwerekana ko abagore barya ruswa nke ugereranyije n'abagabo, nubwo iyi ngingo itavugwaho rumwe. Mu 2020, Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye rishinzwe kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge n'ibindi byaha (UNODC), ryasohoye ubushakashatsi bwiswe 'Gender and Corruption in Nigeria', bwari bugamije kurebera hamwe niba abagore n'abagabo barya ruswa ku buryo bungana muri Nigeria.
Nigeria ni kimwe mu bihugu birangwamo ruswa nyinshi ku Isi kuko mu 2020, Umuryango Mpuzamahanga urwanya Ruswa n'Akarengane, Transparency International, wari washyize icyo gihugu ku mwanya wa 31 mu bihugu 180 birangwamo ruswa nyinshi.
Ubu bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko ibyago by'uko umupolisi w'umugabo yakwakira ruswa biba biri hejuru inshuro eshanu ugereranyije n'umupolisi w'umugore. Ku rundi ruhande, abacamanza b'abagabo muri icyo gihugu bakira ruswa inshuro esheshatu ugereranyije n'abacamanza b'abagore.
Mu myuga ikoramo abagore benshi nk'ubwarimu n'ubuganga, ikigero cya ruswa kiri hasi kuko umuganga w'umugabo yaka ruswa inshuro 1,5 kurusha umugore. Muri rusange, abakozi ba Leta b'abagabo muri Nigeria baka ruswa ku kigero cya 36% kurusha bagenzi babo b'abagore.
Birashoboka ko kuba abagore barya ruswa nke biterwa n'uko bafite imyanya mike mu nzego zifata ibyemezo, icyakora ntawabura kuvuga ko kuba u Rwanda rufite abagore benshi muri izo nzego bigira uruhare mu kugabanya ruswa mu gihugu, bikanatuma umusaruro wa Guverinoma wiyongera kurushaho.
Uretse mu miyoborere, uburinganire bunagira izindi ngaruka nziza ku mibereho y'abaturage muri rusange, kuko nk'iyo uburezi bw'umugore buteye imbere, bigira uruhare mu igabanuka ry'impfu z'abana, ibibazo by'igwingira ry'abana, iby'abana bata ishuri n'ibindi bitandukanye.
Muri rusange, hagati ya 2005 na 2014, izamuka ry'umusaruro mbumbe w'umuturage w'u Rwanda ku mwaka ryiyongereyeho 2,2% ugereranyije n'impuzandengo y'izamuka ry'ibindi bihugu byo muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Guteza imbere uburinganire mu nzego zitandukanye ni kimwe mu byatumye u Rwanda rushyiramo iki kinyuranyo, aho ingamba zo guteza imbere uburinganire zagize uruhare rungana na kimwe cya kabiri cy'iki kinyuranyo.
Imbogamizi zikibangamiye uburinganire mu Rwanda
Nubwo hari byinshi byakozwe mu guteza imbere uburinganire mu Rwanda, haracyari imbogamizi zigituma abagore batagira amahirwe angana n'ay'abagabo mu Rwanda. Nk'ubu ikigereranyo cy'abagore bakora kiruta icy'abagabo ariko 83% by'abagore bakora mu mirimo iciriritse, ku buryo inyungu bakuramo ari 60% by'iy'abagabo babona.
Mu 2015, 79.1% by'abagore bakora bari mu buhinzi, ugereranyije na 54.4% by'abagabo. Nubwo bimeze gutya ariko mu nguzanyo zatanzwe muri uwo mwaka mu rwego rwo guteza imbere ubuhinzi, abagore babonye izingana na 25,5% mu gihe abagabo babonye izingana na 74,5% by'izatanzwe zose. Muri uwo mwaka kandi, inguzanyo zahawe abagore muri rusange zingana na 33,9% mu gihe abagabo bari bahawe inguzanyo zingana na 66,1% by'izari zatanzwe zose.
Ku ruhande rumwe, iki kibazo ntigiterwa n'uko abagore badafite umutungo ushobora gukoreshwa nk'ingwate mu guhabwa inguzanyo, kuko abagore 51,9% mu Rwanda bafite ubutaka bwabo cyangwa bafatanyije na bagenzi babo, byumvikanisha ko iki kibazo gifitanye isano n'ibindi bibazo, birimo n'ubumenyi buke ndetse no kuba bamara igihe kinini bakora imirimo badahemberwa.
Nk'urugero, abagore mu Rwanda bamara amasaha 25,3 ku cyumweru bakora imirimo badahemberwa, yiganjemo imirimo yo mu rugo n'ibindi. Ku ruhande rw'abagabo, amasaha bakoresha batayahemberwa ni 13,5 ku cyumweru gusa. Ibi bituma bamara umwanya munini bakora imirimo ishobora kubabyarira inyungu kurusha abagore.
Uyu mwanya abagore bamara bakora akazi badahemberwa kandi ugira ingaruka ku burezi bwabo, kuko 31% by'abagore bari hejuru y'imyaka 15 batazi gusoma no kwandika, mu gihe abagabo ari 16%. Icyakora mu bana bari munsi y'imyaka 15, abakobwa batazi gusoma no kwandika mu 2018 bari 12% mu gihe mu bahungu ari 14%, ibi bigaterwa n'ingamba zashyizweho na Leta mu gushyigikira uburezi kuri bose, ndetse abakobwa bagahabwa umwihariko.
Ubumenyi bw'abagore mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga nabwo buri hasi kuko 7% ari bo bafite ubumenyi mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga, mu gihe abagabo ari 11%. Iki ni ikibazo gikomeye kuko ikoranabuhanga rizaba umusingi w'iterambere ry'u Rwanda rwifuza kubaka ubukungu bushingiye ku bumenyi.
Ibi bituma umubare w'abagore bakuze bari mu bukene ujya hejuru kuko uri kuri 34,8% by'abagore bose, mu gihe abagabo bakennye ari 31,6%. Ingo ziyobowe n'abagore ziri mu bukene nazo ziri hejuru y'iz'abagabo, kuko ari 39,5% ugereranyije na 37,6% by'ingo ziyobowe n'abagabo, nk'uko ubushakashatsi bwa EICV 5 bubyerekana.
Ku rundi ruhande, mu nzego zo hejuru zifata ibyemezo (managerial position), umubare w'abagore uracyari muto kuko ari 28% gusa.
Uburyo Leta iri guhangana n'ibi bibazo
Kimwe mu by'ibanze Leta iri gushyiramo imbaraga ni uguteza imbere uburezi bw'abakobwa, aho ikigero cy'abiga mu mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye kiri hejuru ya 49%, abahungu bakagira 51%. Umubare w'abiga mu mashuri y'imyuga na wo wavuye kuri 41,8% mu 2015, ugera kuri 43,8% mu 2018.
Ku bagore bakuze ariko batagize amahirwe yo kwiga, Leta ikomeje gushyira imbaraga mu kubahugura, aho abigishijwe bavuye ku bihumbi 70 mu 2014 bakagera ku bihumbi 81 mu 2018, aho bari bagize 61% by'abahabwa ayo masomo bose.
Imibare y'abagore bagerwaho na serivisi z'imari yarushijeho kuzamuka, iva kuri 39% mu 2013 igera kuri 86% mu 2016, mu gihe abagore bafite ibigo by'ubucuruzi buto n'ubuciriritse (SMEs) bingana na 43% by'ibiri mu gihugu.
Leta kandi ifite intego yo kurushaho gufasha abagore kugerwaho n'ikoranabuhanga, aho imiryango yose iyobowe n'abagore izahabwa telefoni zigezweho muri gahunda ya Connect Rwanda.
Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n'Umuryango New Faces New Voices, bwerekanye ko hari intambwe imaze guterwa mu gutuma abagore bagira imyanya mu nzego zifata ibyemezo. Nk'ubu Inama z'Ubutegetsi zigizwe n'abagore bangana na 25%, mu gihe bagize 31% by'abayobozi bakuru (CEOs) mu Rwanda na 25% mu myanya ifata ibyemezo (senior management staff). Abagore kandi bagize 36,5% by'abakozi b'ibigo byigenga.
Source : http://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/uburinganire-bumaze-iki-mu-iterambere-ry-u-rwanda
